Mobilizing Talent

Table of Contents The Taj’s Star System Shangri-La Hotels and Resort Radisson Morgan Stanley Novotel Company L’Oreal Company Reference The Taj’s Star System Talent management refers to means of attracting tacit knowledge from employees (Deb, 2006). It is an important tool in management for purposes of economic growth and streamlining the impacts of recession. However, talent management has been noted as one of the human resource challenges bearing in mind that it is often under huge pressure emanating from line and top managements (Deb, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Mobilizing Talent – Human Resources Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the same note, the Taj Star system is a people oriented system. There are fresh graduates hired in leading areas in hotel management. Employees in this program are trained in virtually all fields. The most common among them are finance, sales and marketing, front office management, hospitality services and human resource management. Employees in this program are highly valued. The community uses techniques that can elicit knowledge from members while at the same time adding their knowledge repertoire. There is also a 360 degree feedback program that helps evaluate performances of officials. This program is effective because it brings about efficiency in management of tacit knowledge. There is also an award system for employees who demonstrate exemplary performance. This initiates positive competition and in the end everyone gets value from the system. It is however recommended that the company ought to add more value as well as dedicate surplus resources to employees’ tacit knowledge especially in dealing with outside stakeholders. As a matter of fact, customers are important in any organization, and for this reason, all employees should taken through intensive capacity building and training so that they sincerely understand how to handle customers in a more professional manner. Shangri-La Hotels and Resort Talent management is a long term activity, and as such, most companies and business organizations do focus on giving it a future and long term planning approach. According to Deb (2006), line managers should always be at the forefront of managing talents among their employees. This aspect of management is replicated in Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts. The company has a drive to practice globalization through provision of learning opportunities. In addition, it has revamped a training program for all its employees all the way from the lower level to top management executives. The training program is tailored towards appealing people of generation Y. The company has also set up a taskforce mandated to generate fresh ideas from the young persons in the company. Talent management is all about letting the employees give what they have and then tap this knowledge for the purpos es of organizational development. Deb (2006) adds that talent management must utilize crucial HR processes especially if the approach is to bear any fruits or succeed.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It must be directed towards organizational performance by directing knowledge in improving activities of major sector in the organization. Some of Human Resource practices that go together with talent management include employee engagement, competition for skilled employees, managing employees using global practices and outsourcing international trends (Deb, 2006). Shangri-La Hotels and Restaurant has put all of these practices in reality by ensuring that modern ways of employee management are practiced. It can however be recognized that there is no extensive training program to enhance tacit knowledge of the employees. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the company o ught to initiate a program that will to only recognize locked knowledge of the employees, but also to train them more intensely. Radisson This is one of the companies that have managed to get managers from within. Through constant assessments, tacit knowledge has been discovered. This is the best form of talent management, where, people are made to be managers as they progress. The company has also initiated ideas that can attract engagements of the employees in major activities. The company has initiated a climate analysis program which takes place each and every other year. The program comprises of questionnaires which seek to get answers as to whether employees are satisfied with the management of the organization. All employees in the organization are given training opportunities. Major groups for training include directors, divisional managers, executive board members, supervisors and other staffs. Employees are constantly evaluated on the basis of skills they have gained in th eir position, their presence and availability, ‘yes I can’ attitude, their ability to be proactive and professional knowledge. That is how the organization has managed to get managers from these employees. They are promoted when needed and so far the program has been effective. However, it is recommended that more of training programs be provided. Employees come to the organization with knowledge of sort, and organizational managers should concentrate on enhancing this knowledge further. Morgan Stanley The program to recognize employees at Morgan Stanley Company started way back in the year 1993. This was when it introduced 360 performance evaluation programs for its employees. The guiding principle was feedback of information obtained from peers, internal clients, superiors and subordinates. The company has constant evaluation of its employees.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Mobilizing Talent – Human Resources Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As part of the process, its employees are required to fill a form which is then interrogated to determine possibilities of issues such as promotion and appointments. However, some managers have complained of ineffectiveness of some of the processes used in managing talent. The gathering of information has been noted to be ineffective. As well, there is rampant grade inflation existing in the company. Therefore, it is recommended that the company review methodologies towards managing talent in the organization. For effective talent management, there must be retention programs, proper sourcing of information, transitioning and defining and managing competitive salaries (Deb, 2006). The company should comply with these measures of talent management and in addition seek to use technology as a way of improving employees and the organization at large. Novotel Company This company has opted to upgrade teams in the organi zation. It is apparent that this is a proper measure in talent management. In essence, team work assists in eliciting talents among employees and in effect helps in building or improving management of an organization. The company has also resulted to using online services by reorganizing rooms and restaurants plus public rooms. This is a global concept, and by using it, the company is conforming to international recognized standards of management. The practices in this organization which touch on management of talent in employees are putting them into various teams. These teams are capable of enhancing proper working relations in the employees. Team working not only makes the organization move forward, but also builds the employees at individual levels. However, it can be recognized that the company has not put strong measures of eliciting talents in the employees. It is hereby recommended that the line managers opt for eliciting tacit knowledge at individual levels rather than usin g teams and groups. L’Oreal Company The company has a focus on mainstream products. These products are capable of convincing any end user to adopt them rather than go for competitors’ products. Interestingly, the company does not know how to manage its employees. For example, the employees are only allowed a 30-minute lunch break. In case there resist, security guards are forced to drag them out of these rooms and to some extent zealous employees are beaten up. This is one of the companies which have little to show when it comes to management of employees. They should be managed with value as advocated for in talent management.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Deb (2006), employees should always be recognized as the force behind success in the market. However, this company has what it terms as golden compensation. The company is seemingly quite generous to its employees as well as its line and top managers. Their pay is raised regularly, and this confirms that the company has a sole focus on giving monetary value to its workers. It is recommended that the company change tact and add recognition and talent management as a way of putting strong working staff. In summing up, it is imperative to note that talent management in organizations is indeed a crucial component in Human Resource. While professionalism derived from ordinary training of employees is key and a basic requirement before hiring employees, it is crucial to reiterate that when talents are well nurtured and utilized at workplace, the overall impact is impressive in terms of productivity of employees. Indeed, this is clearly evident among the organizations analyzed in the essay. Reference Deb, T. (2006). Strategic approach to Human Resource Management. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. This case study on Mobilizing Talent – Human Resources Management was written and submitted by user Case Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Colombia essays

Colombia essays Colombia es unos de los paà ­ses ms interesantes en Latinoamrica. La historia de Colombia puede ser dividido por tres pocas importantes: inmediatamente despus de la independencia, durante de la crisis mundial, y en la actualidad. Por toda su historia, Colombia ha sido formado y influido por tres aspectos importantes: la economà ­a, la polà ­tica, y la sociedad. La poca de su independencia era una poca muy importante y susceptible para Colombia, como es para cualquier paà ­s. Colombia gan su independencia de Espan en Espan del comercio internacional, la agricultura y la minerà ­a no eran muy prosperas. Tambin, el comercio fue limitado a un grupo peques, la industria de bancos fue insuficiente para cumplir las demandas de la gente. A pesar de la necesidad para cambios, Colombia guard esclavitud, impuestos altos, y el gobierno tenia un monopolio en tabaco y alcohol. Este gobierno despus de la independencia fue dividido entre dos grupos de criollos en oposicin. Uno fue los consejos provinciales que querà ­an un gobierno federal como lo en los EEUU. Ellos, con su là ­der Torres, seguà ­an las ideas de la Ilustracin y eran muy liberales. El otro grupo, los consejos en Bogot con su là ­der Nari una constitucin que dividi la tierra por provinciales y se llamaron Nueva Granada. Co ...

Essay on Daoism Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On Daoism - Essay Example In addition to the scenario, quest of Western materialism for peace has also provided Daoism with the opportunity for huge appreciation as a philosophical discipline. According to Eva Wong â€Å"Many people will experience, at least once in their lifetime, the urge to venture beyond the everyday world of the mundane into the world of spirit. These journeys into the spiritual world often take us into a universe we normally do not encounter in our daily lives, and allow us to explore regions of our consciousness that we have not before known† (1). While the Western philosophical discipline often fails to answer an individual’s questions regarding spiritual consciousness, Daoism, in this context, has been regarded as an effective source to solve these queries: â€Å"The spiritual landscape of Taoism is a kaleidoscope of colors and sounds. It is also a land of silence and stillness. It can be friendly and attractive, and at the same time challenging and dangerous† (W ong 1). Irrespective of the fact that it is quite difficult to restrain Daoism within a particular time frame, however, it can be said approximately that in A.D. 215 journey of Daoism commenced as a religious discipline through initiatives of Cao Cao (Robinet, and Brooks 2). Like all the major religious disciplines Daoism is still very much alive and continuously evolving. Though Cao Cao can be identified as a prime figure in recognizing Daoism, however, it has been widely argued that Daoism has never been founded and it is continuously evolving through different dimensions of human lives (Hu, and Allen 6). Daoism as a Religious Discipline: The literal meaning of Dao or Tao is â€Å"the way, the road people walk on† (Hu, and Allen 3). There are numerous instances of wide usage of the terminology in various philosophical disciplines of ancient China and consequently also makes it clear that Daoism cannot be confined within scope a particular philosophical domain; rather the ev aluative capacity of this discipline is actually a result of different ideologies: â€Å"The â€Å"Tao† of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing, Taoism’s foremost sacred text) was actually only one of many understandings of the word in ancient China. However, just as the â€Å"Tao† of the Tao Te Ching is the original force that encompasses all, the religion and philosophical system inspired by Tao Te Ching has also demonstrated inclusiveness by incorporating many other ancient understandings of the word into Taoism itself† (Hu, and Allen 3-4). Thus, the vast expanse of Daoism encompasses almost all dimensions of human life, especially in the Chinese cultural context. This integrity is one of the main reasons that the differencing limits between being Daoist and being Chinese is often blurred. Apart from scholarly and academic disciplines, the common people of China also encounter the problem when it comes to differentiating between being a Daoist and being a Chine se. The evolutionary process of the religious and philosophic discipline is so deeply associated with every dimension of Chinese socio-cultural existence that starting from daily life style, attitude towards life, personal philosophy, healthcare and even different incidents of the Chinese social history bear the evidence of the influence of Daoism: â€Å"Taoism has interacted with integrated many elements of what is now recognized as Chinese civilization, and,

In what ways does the Philosophical Investigations differ from the Essay

In what ways does the Philosophical Investigations differ from the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Essay Example He then, in the early paragraphs of the book, subjects a series of doctrines of the Tractacus to sustained criticisms. Although the Tractacus is only occasionally mentioned explicitly, the critiques in the Philosophical Investigations certainly read like a dismantling of the most characteristic ideas of the earlier opus. Because of this, the attitude arose that the Tractacus should be regarded as of largely historical interest and that many of its deepest insights were in danger of being completely overlooked and lost. In light of these, the differences in the Tractacus Logico-Philosophicus can be seen in the discourse of concepts such as ‘confusion† and â€Å"consciousness† as well as in terms of the issue of continuity of Wittgenstein’s philosophies. There was also a radical shift in his conception of language. The Tractacus is considered to be a classic of Western philosophy. In a sense it can be seen as representing both the zenith and the nadir of certain philosophies. It was taken up by the logical positivists as representative of their work. The Tractacus, wrote, Milbank, Pickstock and Graham (1998), embodies the philosophical desire to explain the world, to be able to break it down into analytical parts, whether non-composite simple objects, elementary propositions (elementals), or logical structures. (p. 66) The Philosophical Investigations meanwhile is usually viewed as radically altering Western analytical philosophy, ushering in the â€Å"linguistic turn.† In an attempt to present a synopsis of the thought, Milbank, Pickstock and Ward point to the usual suggestion that it refutes the picture theory of language and its metaphysical explanation while examining various metaphysical problems by dissolving them through an examination of the language used to generate them rather than trying to resolve any of them. (p. 68) The Tractacus is a carefully constructed set of short propositions

Key Success Factors for Supply Chain Management Excellence at the Essay

Key Success Factors for Supply Chain Management Excellence at the Textile sector (or similar) - Essay Example Efficient supply chain management holds great importance in the textile industry as excellence of the industry largely depends upon sourcing of quality raw materials and proper placement of the final goods in the shelves of retailers so that the products can be easily accessible to the targeted audience group (Yip and Hult, 2012). In this era of globalization, establishing strong supply chain has become inevitable for the global as well as national players in order to manage complexities in global sourcing of raw materials and supplying the apparels and other finished goods to the customers all over the world (Lysons and Farrington, 2012). In fact, ensuring effective supply chain management helps the market players in the industry to achieve competitive advantages over other players. The objective of the research paper is to identify the key success factors in supply chain management that leads to create excellence in the textile sectors. For the purpose of analysis, the textile indu stry of the United Kingdom will be examined. The concept of supply chain management has gained considerable attention mainly after globalization and massive trade liberalization. According to Basu and Wright (2010), as a result of rapid expansion of cross border trade, the global industries subsequently understand the importance of supply chain management as it is becoming necessary for them to procure information, capital and raw material and present their manufactured products all over the world. Such global acquisition of materials and distribution of products would not have been possible if very strong supply chain has not been incorporated. Koprulu and Albayrakoglu (2007) have defined supply chain management as the integrated process that facilitates the associated organizations to break all the barriers of resource procurement and obtain the best possible resources for the business. According to them,

Health Benefits of Alternative Therapies

Health Benefits of Alternative Therapies The popularity of alternative therapies in the past two decades has been accompanied by a proliferation of sociological works in investigation different aspects of this phenomenon. A major strand of the literature in the sociology of alternative medicine, which concerns three social actors: users of alternative therapies, practitioners of alternative therapies; and physicians (the orthodoxy). Research on users of alternative medicine has mainly investigated the causes of peoples use of these modalities and has focused on why people use alternative medicine? Research suggests the one reason people use alternative therapy, such as Occupational Therapy, is that they are dissatisfied with the health outcomes of orthodox medicine (Holden, 1978; West, 1988; Sharma, 1996; Spiegel et al., 1998). It is argued that conventional medicine has been unable to cure degenerative and chronic illness and has failed to alleviate pain associated with conditions such as arthritis, and back and neck injuries (Ingliss and West, 1983; Anyinam, 1990). Sharmas (1992) qualitative study of 30 users of various alternative therapies in Britain, including Occupational therapist. Provided support to the idea that patients seek alternative therapies in order to cure an illness that has not been successfully dealt with by GPs. Similarly, Furnham and Smith (1988) and Furnham and Forey (1994) in their British studies compared patients of GPs and patients of alternative practitioners and showed that the latter group was ore sceptical of the efficacy of orthodox medicine. T hey reached this conclusion based on the responses of subjects to statements such as Doctors relieve or cure only a few problems that their patients have, and Most people are helped a great deal when they go to a doctor. Other arguments have been made about the use of alternative therapies, looking at how patients arent necessarily dissatisfied with the health outcome of biomedicine, but rather they are dissatisfied with the medical encounter or the doctor patient relationship (Parker and Tupling, 1976; Taylor, 1984; Easthope, 1993). According to this argument in the literature, doctors spend too little time with, and have little respect for, their patients, who often are not informed of the nature of their illnesses, diagnoses and prognoses. It is argued that doctors have lost their human touch and todays medicine can best be characterised as Fordist medicine which produces alienated and dissatisfied patients. In support of this argument, Sharmas (1992) interviews with alternative therapists clients reveal that they believe GPs spend too little time with patients. Furnham and Forey (1994) also found that users of alternative medicine are more likely to believe that GPs do not listen to what their pa tients have to say. Health Promotion According to Nelson (1997) Occupational therapists understand the potentials of various occupational forms that are meaningful and purposeful to the individual. The therapist hopes and predicts that the occupational form will be perceptually, symbolically, and emotionally meaningful to the person; that the occupational form and the meanings the person actively assigns to it will result in multidimensional set of purposes, and that the person will engage in a voluntary occupational performance. In other words, when therapy is best, the person is full of purpose. Therefore Occupational therapists have a huge concern set around the promotion of health. Thorogood (2004) argues that sociology as a discipline is based on critical analysis and as such, can contribute to health promotion by focusing on questions that go beyond simple definition. In other words sociology can and should engage in debate around why health promotion has evolved the way it has rather then merely trying to establish a static definition of health promotion itself. In this way sociology can help health promotion to be reflective in terms of its role and development. While this means sociology is distinct from health promotion, it is none the less a crucial contributor to the development and practice of health promotion. Ryan et al (2006) approach to health promotion states that it has been hugely influenced by the fact that medicine has been the dominant model within health-service provision and a clear division exists between those who support the medical model of health and those who argue for a more holistic and/ or social model of health. Within health services, models of care are fairly well understood and well established as conceptual entities. Models of Health Care Looking at the bio-medical model, Atkinson (1988) discusses how within this model health is the absence of biological abnormality, it believes diseases have specific causes, that the human body is likened to a machine to be restored to health through personalised treatments that arrest, or reverse, the disease process, and that the health of a society is seen as largely dependent on the state of medical knowledge and the availability of medical resources. Bio-medicine and the health care practices arising from it occupy a paradoxical position in contemporary societies. On the one hand, there is continued enthusiasm for new medical breakthroughs as people seek treatment for an increasing range of conditions. On the other hand, there is also some disillusionment with clinical medicine and growing distrust of doctors etc. despite massively increased investments in medical research and health care, most of the diseases of modern society remain stubbornly resistant to effective treatment, let alone cure. Health professionals and doctors in particular, have been criticised for having a detached, impersonal approach. Some have linked this to the bio-medical model objectifying illness and reducing patients to little or more then a collection of symptoms. Critics such as Oliver (1996) have argued that more attention should be given to the social, psychological and political aspects of illness and disability. Professionals such as Occupational Therapist have responded to this by looking beyond the medical model and adopting a more person-centred approach to patient care. In this context, sociologists are interested in the ways that individual experiences of illness are shaped by wider social contexts, emphasising that the transition from health to illness involves significant changes in social status and therefore the attention of governments and an increasing number of health professionals has turned to the social and environmental influences on health giving rise to a new social- medical model approach to health based on disease prevention and health promotion. Taylor Field (2007) focuses on how health is more than the absence of disease; it is a resource for everyday living. It looks at how diseases are caused by a combination of factors, many of them being environmental. The focus of enquiry is on the relationship between the body and its environment and how significant improvements in health care are mostly likely to come from changes in peoples behaviour and in the conditions under which they live. Occupational therapists draw their attention on this model and it can be understood in there inter-related approaches. The first focuses on individual behaviour and lifestyle choices, the second looks at peoples immediate social environment, and their relationships with others and the third is concerned with general socio-economic and environmental influences. The emergence of a new philosophy sometimes referred to postmodern value system has also led to the rise in alternative therapies (Bakx, 1991; Easthope, 1993; Sharma, 1993). Today most people regard nature as caring, gentle, safe and benevolent; they hold anti-science and anti-technology attitudes (Kurtz, 1994;Park 1996); they believe in a holistic view of health (Anyinam, 1990); they reject authority, especially scientific authority, and demand participation (Taylor, 1984; Easthope, 1993; Riessman, 1994); and they believe in individual responsibility (Cassileth, 1989; Coward, 1989). Alternative practitioners, such as Occupational therapist, commonly use natural and non-invasive treatments, espouse a holistic view of health, allow patients participation in the process of healing (Aaskter,1989), and stress that health comes from within the individual and it is ultimately the responsibility of the individual to achieve a desired state of health. (Coward, 1989) Sussman (p.31) looks at the holistic concept of behaviour stresses an organic and/ or functional relationship, a continuing interaction, and a fundamental interdependence among the traditionally defined parts or areas of human behaviour. Accordingly, the understanding of any aspect of human behaviour or any human problem involves consideration of the potentialities and limitations inherent in human biology; the characteristic ways of feeling, thinking, acting, and relating to other that comprise personality; the nature of physical environment, including natural resources, topographical features, and the man-made environment; the social nature of and the impact of significant social or reference groups; the nature of culture, its potentialities and the limitations it imposes; and the significance of time and mans orientation to time as a key factor in the ordering and regulation of behaviour. In many respects, the holistic philosophy represents a reaction against certain forms of fragmentation and compartmentalisation which have characterised both scientific investigation and the approach to human problems during the first half of the 20th century. Implementation of the holistic approach is seen today in the growing body of research which crosses traditional discipline lines and in the renewed emphasis on comprehensive medicine, comprehensive mental health, and a comprehensive approach to a broad spectrum of human problems including delinquency, alcoholism, unemployment, disability etc. the holistic approach is compatible with an increasing awareness of the tendency for various forms of pathology to occur in clusters. Medical Care and Professionalism Medical care, once dominated by a restricted orthopaedic orientation, is now based on a growing recognition of the basic relationship between the anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and psychological functioning of the human body, and the reciprocal relationship between a disabled persons body functioning manifestation of his personality and his capacity to fulfil basic roles in job, family and community. In contrast, look at the study undergone by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ All participants found that Occupational therapy was being underutilised. One reason provided for this was the lack of understanding about the role of OT by other staff members. Participants of this study felt that the perspective of OT as more of a rehabilitation service and less as a holistic service had an impact on the low use of OT, this being within a hospice setting. They found OT was often defined too much by exercises or functional tasks, and not recognising functional tasks become even more critical to someone who is becoming weaker and weaker and is in the process of dying. The hallmark of professionalism has been accountability for the application of expert knowledge to the service of others (Goode, 1960) Accountability includes both the obligation to answer questions regarding decisions and/or actions and the availability and applications of sanctions for illegal or inappropriate actions and behaviours (Brinkerhoff, 2004) health professionals have historically been accountable to their regulatory bodies for their autonomous exercise of professional judgment in determining services provided (Abbott, 19988). In recent years, the traditional approach to health professional accountability has been called into question for several reasons, one being escalation health expenditures (Degeling, 2000). Because all professional decisions related to health care have financial implications, this control has frequently translated into greater limits on professional practice. Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation Sussmans (1965) work on the sociology of rehabilitation is well recognised and has the support of the American Sociological Association. The book emerged from a conference on Sociological Theory, Research and Rehabilitation held in Carmel, California in March 1965. According to Sussman, public interest in the concept of rehabilitation has greatly intensified in recent years. The term rehabilitation is being broadly applied to many kinds of disabling human problems, including physical disability, mental illnesses, mental retardation, alcoholism, drug addiction etc. Rehabilitation is used in both a limited and very comprehensive sense. It may refer to services concerned with education, physical functioning, psychological adjustment, social adaptions, vocational capabilities, or recreational activities. Occupational therapy rehabilitation can involve one of several types of therapy, used together or separately, to help patients enter or re-enter the workforce. This can include physical therapy, counselling, and job training. The overall goal of these therapies is to remedy any situation that may cause a patient to fail to perform in both personal and professional environments. Physical occupational therapy rehabilitation may be needed if a patient has been either injured or born with a physical handicap which interferes with everyday living. This can include the re-training of certain major muscle groups as well as education in using a wheelchair or other mobility aid to perform simple and complex tasks. In some more severe cases, employment may never be a possibility due to extreme physical limitations. For these patients, occupational therapy rehabilitation may act to teach them tasks as basic as eating with a fork and spoon or bathing themselves. Counselling for mentally ill, aggressive or depressed patients is also a type of occupational therapy rehabilitation. Often, an employer will require specific workers to undergo this type of treatment to help them interact more efficiently with co-workers, stay motivated on the job, or to fully rehabilitate them after a traumatic experience or depressive episode. This helps patients overcome emotional issues that may hinder job performance or social development, and allows them to effectively express issues and interact with customers or clients. Sometimes occupational therapy rehabilitation involves specific job training courses. This method may be used for mentally handicapped or brain damaged individuals, or those who have lost employment due to emotional or mental issues. Job training helps patients learn specific job related skills including how to perform basic job duties like lifting or typing, as well as how to interact with co-workers and customers. In some cases, an occupational therapist or counsellor may be hired to settle a dispute or problem between colleagues or groups within a workplace. This may include argumentative co-workers who are aggressive to the point of hindered job performance. In these situations, the therapist will teach proper coping methods for dealing with anger and jealously in the workforce in the form of individual counselling sessions, seminars, or group therapy meetings. Therapists and doctors often work together in occupational therapy rehabilitation for their patients. A combination of therapies and medications may be used in order to obtain full rehabilitative results. The primary goal of these tactics is to allow patients to live and work as normal as possible in society. Disability and Rehabilitation When looking at Occupational therapy in terms of rehabilitation, the experts agree that effective rehabilitation of the physically disabled involved helping the client to regain physical and social functions lost through injury or disease. Haber (1973) argues that disability should be conceptualised and measured by functional in capacities. Disability is then the inability to perform usual role activities as a result of a physical or mental impairment (loss of function) of long-term duration (Haber and Smith, 1971) One view of rehabilitation success is taken by Ludwig and Adams (1968) and Diamond et al. (1968) who use patient cooperation and participation in treatment as a measure of outcome. Acceptance of the sick role implies that the patient cooperate and participate in the treatment process as outlined by the experts so that he can get better (Parsons, 1951; 1975). In this context, the good and successful patient is judged to be the person who complies with the sick role. Consequently, rehabilitation success might be an artefact. There is no evidence to show that staff members tend to concentrate their efforts on those patients that they value highly or think have the best chance of demonstrating improvement (Kelman, 1964). However, appearance of patient motivation and cooperation in the rehabilitation settings does not accurately predict independent living after discharge (Kelman and Wilner, 1962). According to Nagi, when trying to define the concept of disabilities looks at the terms impairment and disability. He explores these terms by looking at how every individual lives within an environment in which he is called upon to perform certain roles and tasks. The ability and inability of people can be meaningfully understood and estimated only in terms of the degree of their fulfilment of these roles and tasks, when an individual is described as being unable the description in incomplete till it answers the question, unable to do what?. In this sense, ability-inability constitutes an assessment of the individuals level of functioning within an environment. Two categories of inability can be delineated on the basis of the time of onset. First are congenital inabilities. There are inborn limitations that are the result of anatomical malformations, physiological abnormalities, mental deficiencies, and/or general constitutional inadequacies. To be sure, abilities of all humans are subject tot limitations. Further more, Nagi argues, people differ greatly in degree of ability-inability without nec essarily suffering from an active disorder or a residual impairment. However, although the cutting point between able and unable is hard to distinguish, the more severe conditions are usually recognised. The OASI program have defined disability as the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of a medically determinable impairment that is expected to be of long-continues and indefinite duration or to result in death. Potential for rehabilitation indicated a prognostic evaluation of the levels of functioning the individual is capable of reaching under certain circumstances. The assessment of ability-inability is obviously a necessary step toward the evaluation of rehabilitation potential. Occupational therapists ask patients to perform a variety of tasks that would require the use of different types of tools and equipment. Information sought in this evaluation includes an assessment of the following attributes: the quality and quantity of work done, physical and interpersonal work adjustment. Experience and skills, the degree to which the impairment disables the individual in the performance of certain tasks. The rehabilitation potential of the patient. Occupational therapists are informed by the physician when the risk to a patients health precluded certain tasks or the whole occupational evaluation. Criticisms. Throught the mobilisation of the efforts of a highly trained team of medical including occupational therapists, rehabilitation envisions the maximum physical, mental, social, vocational and economic recovery possible. While the goals are attained many very with each individual case, Julius Roth has questioned whether such goals should legitimately be set by the patient or the therapist. The ultimate success of the program rests upon a remarkably intriguing interplay of the biogenic, sociogenic, and psychogenic components of human behaviour The delivery of Occupational Therapy Looking at where and how occupational therapy is delivered, it is delivered in Primary and Secondary Care following the patients journey and is governed by care pathways which include formal and informal carers.  The service is equitable in access and is provided from cradle to graves. Primary care is provided for patients at first contact with the health service. By this very nature it must be generalist, being able to cope with whatever problems arise. General practitioners are the traditional primary care doctors but in recent years we have seen rise to a primary care team, including Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist and speech therapist to name a few, offering a wider range of health professionals and their respective skills. The World Health Organisation states in its blueprint for Health for All by the Year 2000 that there should be a special emphasis on primary health care services, particularly in developing countries in which funding is even more limited. This recent emphasis on the importance of health care has further improved its status in the medical world. This is particularly true in areas in occupational therapy when there is a focus on for example, elderly in residential care, and other community care related interventions. According to Tussing Wren (2006) literature on primary care indicates a need for the following, all of which are weak or absent in the Irish system: A primary care system which addresses the health needs of a mainly healthy population rather than concentrating on intervention in episodes of illness, an emphases on disease management for the chronically ill, supportive of self-care and home care, stronger evidence-based medicine, with appropriate protocols and guidelines, peer review and quality assurance, primary care infrastructure, supportive institutions, skilled substitutions, and GP interface. On the other hand secondary care is usually specialist services that require beds, and sometimes expensive equipment. Therefore it is usually based in hospitals. For example, stroke patients may be referred to Occupational Therapist by physicians after hospitalisation. Occupational therapist might then work with them in a rehabilitation centre using specific equipment to regain independence. Emerging Services Within recent years, much emphasis has been given to the development and expansion of a variety of out of hospital services for the chronically ill. However, such demonstrations continue to be slow to develop. Among the many issues involved in these attempts are those concerning the roles to be assumed by hospital or by community based agencies in relation to the provision of community care for those disabled patients who no longer require active hospital in-patient treatment. The studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ was undertaken in order to define a more appropriate hospital role in relation to the continuing needs for rehabilitation care of a chronically ill and disabled population discharge to the community following extended hospital rehabilitation treatment. It evolved against a background of rather pessimistic clinical impressions and retrospective research probes which emphasised this populations failu re to maintain optimum health and social functioning in the community despite the achievement of these level while in the hospital. More specifically, concerns centred on this populations high rate of rehospitalisation, its deterioration in social functioning and its failure to use or to receive needed health and health related services while in the community. Acute Care Occupational therapy plays an essential role in the acute care hospital and in other medically related facilities from the rehabilitation hospital, to sub acute sites, to extended care facilities, to the facilities of the future. Though there are issues when it comes to acute care, Torrance, (1993) states that with increasing technology and quicker discharge, the need for therapeutic occupation increases. Occupational therapists are needed to work with patients in problem solving self-care occupations amidst the constraints of the tubes, monitors and fixators; to activate patients at risk because of the deleterious effects of bed rest; to help patients and caregivers plan realistically from what the patients will do and for how the patients will live and care for themselves after discharge but before healing; and to assess patients quality of life before and after hospitalisation. Nelson (1997:20) gives an example: For an example of the importance of therapeutic occupation in an acute care setting, consider a 5 month old girl born with neuromuscular disease of unknown etiology. The disease is characterised by the total absence of many of the proximal muscles, including those responsible for respiration. Picture her with multiple intubations for respiration and nutrition and with life-support monitors. The occupational therapist carefully removes her from the crib and bounces her gently while talking to her in high-pitched, rhythmical tones. In response to this occupational form, the infants adaptions are to learn to use the muscles controlling her vocal cords as she imitates the therapist; to learn to use the remaining muscles in her left arm as she grabs the therapists keys; and most of all to begin to learn that she too has a legitimate place in the human family. The therapist next places a piece of cloth playfully over the childs face, as in our prior example of the importance of peek-a-boo in healthy development. Like a health baby, this baby too removes the cloth and laughs. Despite the high technology setting, this baby also needs to encounter the occupational form of peek-a-boo in order to develop a sense of self and a sense of other. Therefore Occupational models of practise are needed for the acute care hospital for patients at all points on the lifer span. Since many health problems require a level of medical treatment and personal care that extends beyond the range of services normally available in the patients home, modern society has developed formal institutions for patients care intended to help meet the more complex health needs of its members. Here, much of an occupational therapist work is carried out. Usually in rehabilitation centres within the hospital. Looking at the hospital in more detail, the work of Cockerham (2007) draws on how it is the major social institution for the delivery of health care in the modern world, and how it offers considerable advantages to both patients and society. From the individuals point of view, the injured or sick person has access to centralised medical knowledge and the greatest array of technology within the hospital, and from the standpoint of society, as Renee Fox and Talcott Parsons (1952) argue, that when patients are within the hospital they are protecting their family from many disruptive effects of caring for the ill in the home and operates as a means of guiding the sick and injured into medically supervised institutions where their problems are less disruptive for society as a whole. Many other concepts of Parsons have been criticised, taking his concept of the sick role, it has been argued that Parsons model cannot be applied to chronic illnesses from which patients cannot recover. More significantly, it had been shown that access to the sick role is rather more problematic that Parsons model assumes. It has been suggested that parsons is really talking about a patient role rather then a sick role as there is a distinction between patients subjective experiences of illness and being objectively defined by doctors as having a disease. It is true to say Occupational therapy rejects a lot of Talcott Parons sick role ideas, who believes that when an individual is in the sick role he or she is exempt from responsibility for the incapacity, as it is beyond their control, and is also exempt from normal social role obligations. While this is true to say, Lober (1975:214) observes that while the patient is in the hospital there is an idea of voluntary cooperation , one to one intimacy, and conditional permissiveness, for example, being temporarily excused from normal social activities on the condition of seeking medical advice and care. Coe (1978) has also argued that acceptance is the most common form of patient adjustment to hospital routine and the most successful for short-stay patients, which most patients seeking Occupational therapy are, as the main aim is to get the patients back into society. Chronically Ill and Care According to Oliver (1996), as societies modernise the burden of disease is shifting from acute to chronic long-term illness and disability. While clinical medicine can treat many of these chronic conditions, it cannot cure many of them, and thus more and more people are spending a greater proportion of their lives coping with illness. Occupational therapist deal with many terminally ill patients. According to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Individuals with terminal illness face a number of problems related to social, emotional, spiritual and their physical well-being. Some individuals have expressed that the feeling of being a burden to family and friends is more distressing than physical pain (Lloyd, 1989). Carey, 1975 looks at how these individuals with terminal illnesses find the biggest challenges in looking for satisfactory meaning in their new life situation whole facing mortality. Care for these patients has come along way, as in the past the care had primary focus on alleviating only the physical distress of the illness. Kubler-Ross (1997) describes how physicians, who are held back by their own views and feeling on death, are often unable to reach out to their dying patients to provide them with care and comfort. Therefore death in the past was almost seen as a failure of medicine. This ideology began to change with the emergence of the hospice in 1967 by De Cicely Saunfers, who founded St. Christophers hospice. Today we can recognise the hospice as a specialised facility for the care of dying patients that supports them in living life fully and comfortably while confronting death (National Hospice Organisation, 1996). The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) (1998) states the following inn relation to occupational therapy and the hospice: The AOTA affirms the right of a dying person to have access to a caring community within the health care system and believes in the need for personalised care of the dying individual throughout the course of a terminal illness. Occupational Therapy is based on the belief that all individuals engage in occupationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Occupational therapy practitioners are uniquely qualified to help the dying person continue to engage in meaningful daily occupations within the hospice community of care. (p.872) When a patient who has a terminal illness continues to lose their ability to care for themselves and carryout usual daily activities, fostering the patients independence in self-care, work, and leisure usually becomes a top priority of intervention (Holland Tigges, 1981; Tigges, 1983; Tigges Marcil, 1988). Tigges (1983) explains a framework that looks at the human need of mastery-productive use of tie, energy, interest, and attention, this is also known as the occupational role of performance paradigm (9.163). Although some individuals with terminal illnesses are able to maintain many of their usual roles, its not always true for others. According to Gammage, McMahon, and Shanahan (1976), occupational therapist have a unique role in assisting patients to accept their new role as an individual with an illness and relinquish old occupational roles. Not only do occupational therapists focus on roles los

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The importance of taking English to me is that I that I learned how to read, write and understand different word concepts. This year in 10th grade English class, my reading skills have improved and Essay/paragraph writing has improved also. In my 9th grade English class, when reading books/novels, my understanding of the story didn’t always connect. Now in 10th grade I find it easier to understand the stories. Over the course of taking English 10, I have learned to take my time when reading and not rush. I also learned when writing, I need to recheck my sentences to say what I mean. Night by Elie Wiesel and Athletic shorts By Chris Crutcher should be taught again in English 10 because the story in Night is inspirational and shows people character and ties to family. Athletic shorts was different because it was not just 1 story, there was six different short stories that had variety but together they showed how people can get through conflicts or tough times. Reading this book and stories, has helped my reading skills to improve because they made me curious to know what would happen at the end of the story. I think the more I read, the better reader I become. The Emotional Poem and Book Club Project/During Reading Assignment were the challenging aspect of writing for me. The Emotional Poems were hard because words sometimes cannot really tell your feelings. The Book Cub Project was challenging because I found it difficult to find six songs with meanings that were similar to the book, Before We were Free. The meanings of the songs that I picked seemed too specific and not general enough to fit the story. As a result, I would advise new students in English 10 to be prepared to not give up, to try to be creative and ask you teacher for help. Practice with Working with a partner and Working with a group of other students benefited me because working with one partner gives you the chance to talk one to one and you can get more time to learn more information from that one person. When working with a group of people, there are more views but on the other hand, it is hard to speak up to have your view heard. I think this type of work has helped me with friends and may help my communication skills for future jobs. As a result, I think my listening and speaking skills have improved slightly because feel like I participated more in class this year than other years. My experiences in English this year, from Night, have helped me to understand the good theme of family helping each other and the bad theme of cruelty towards other humans. Both Elie and his father help each other at the concentration camps by sharing food and water. Elie also motivated his father when they had to move to another camp to keep going in severely cold weather with no shoes and very little food. The cruelty towards other people made it hard for Elie and for myself to understand how God could let this happen. As a result, I now believe that it is important for family to help and motivate each other. I also believe that if actions towards other people are truly wrong and cruel, that everyone should try to stop this. At the end of English10, I find it easier to understand the stories that we read. I also found that organizing my thoughts and ideas was harder in the beginning of the year, but now it is easier when I try to have a rough draft of ideas and then re-organize the rough draft . I do think that there were many homework assignment that I should have completed and did not. I have learned that even if something does not interest me, I should still do this work and try to learn something from it. The most important lesson that I got from English this year is that I should do ALL of my work and not just what I feel like doing. My goal for next year is to do ALL of my English homework so I can hope to learn all of things that are need for next year. I will obtain this goal by listening to my teacher when she gives assignments and by bringing ALL of my papers and books home to work on these assignments.

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